奶牛产后首次发情行为变化规律及影响因素分析

本实验旨在通过对奶牛场发情监测设备数据的综合分析,探究奶牛产后首次发情行为变化规律及胎次、季节、泌乳水平等因素对发情行为的影响,提高牛场数字化管理水平。本研究采集了2018年7月—2019年8月北京延庆某奶牛养殖场315头产后母牛首次发情信息,共计20475项相关数据,包括发情日期、活动量、反刍量、胎次、产奶量等,运用Excel整理数据,结合SPSS 21.0软件进行多因素方差分析。结果表明:奶牛发情当天活动量极显著增加,由发情前的168.25步/h增长到363.3步/h(P<0.01),反刍时间显著下降,由发情前的505.1 min/d下降至431.1 min/d(P<0.05);春、夏、秋、冬四季发情奶牛分别占总发情牛数的35.0%、22.6%、14.8%和27.4%,其中,秋、冬两季奶牛首次发情时活动量及反刍时间变化显著;随着奶牛胎次的增加,奶牛发情时发情行为呈减弱趋势;高产奶牛活动量及活动量变化量均显著低于中产奶牛和低产奶牛。综上,在分析使用发情监测数据时,应综合考虑季节、胎次、泌乳水平等影响因素,以便科学利用现代数字化监测系统提高奶牛产后首次发情揭发率与配种率。     

Evaluation of a Commercial Activity Monitor for Determining Step Counts in Horses

Monitoring activity level has become popular in people and animals. In the horse, these monitors may be helpful for the detection of disease, monitor limb loading after surgery, and assist in rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial activity monitor (AM) (FitBit Zip) in horses. In Part 1, four stalled horses had five AMs placed (head, chest, withers, and left forelimb and hindlimbs) with stride length setting of 60.96 cm and were monitored for 24 hours with AM and video. In Part 2, four stalled horses had two AMs placed (left forelimb and hindlimbs) with stride length setting of 30.48 cm and were monitored for 24 hours with AM and video. In Part 3, three horses with two AMs (left forelimb and hindlimbs) had step data collected at the walk and trot in hand by AM and video. AM and video data were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and by calculating AM to video step count ratios. In Part 1, there was considerable movement of AMs at the chest and withers, but head and limb mounted AMs were more secure. In Part 2, video and AM activity counts were moderate to high for forelimb and hindlimbs with R² values of 0.82 and 0.74, respectively. From Part 3, AMs mounted on either forelimb or hindlimbs approximately doubled the step counts compared to the video. While this AM did not accurately count steps, it may be able to provide general information on activity level in the stalled horses.     

Shade improves coffee quality in a sub-optimal coffee-zone of Costa Rica

Quality is an important attribute of coffee. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of overstory trees not only on the environment and long-term coffee production, but also on the quality of coffee grown underneath the trees. This study compared coffee quality of Coffea arabica L. vars. Caturra and Catimor 5175 under different levels of shade in a low-elevation, sub-optimal environment for coffee in Costa Rica. Fruit weight and bean size increased significantly when shade intensity was increased from 0% to more than 80% under unpruned Erythrina poeppigiana. While large beans (diameter > 6.7 mm) accounted for 49 and 43% of the coffee from unshaded Caturra and Catimor, respectively, these proportions increased to 69 and 72% under dense permanent shade. This suggested a stronger shade benefit for Catimor than for Caturra. The conversion percentages from fresh-weight coffee fruits to dry-weight green coffee for export were not affected by the treatments. A blind tasting experiment showed consistent shade-induced improvements in appearance of green and roasted coffee as well as in acidity and body of the brew for both varieties. The effect of shade on aroma of the brew was neutral for Caturra and slightly negative for Catimor. It is hypothesized that, in the sub-optimal (low-altitude) coffee-zone studied, shade promotes slower and more balanced filling and uniform ripening of berries, thus yielding a better-quality product than unshaded coffee plants. Shade experiments along environmental gradients should help to validate this conjecture and its relative importance in different coffee-zones.     

花尾榛鸡(Bonasa bonasia)在韩国温带林中的季节性移动特征(英文)

This study were carried out in the Experimental Forest (37( 48' 10" N, 127( 48' 50" E) of Gangwon Forest Development Institute, Gamjeong-ri, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Province, Korea from Dec. 1999 to Jul. 2002. Eight individuals (three males and five females) of hazel grouse were captured and they were marked with a 14-g necklace-type transmitter. The surveying results showed that females were more active than males throughout the year, but males were more mobile than females in spring. The degree of movement for females and males was similar from summer to winter. The overlap degree of habitat was very large from spring to autumn. Hazel grouse had greater shifts in area use in winter. They used similar area from spring to autumn, made a shift in their habitat use in winter, and then shifted back to the previous habitat.     

Does streptobacillary arthritis reduce house mouse population density,activity and damage to sorghum crops?

An experiment to examine the effect of streptobacillary arthritis on mouse populations was conducted in maturing sorghum crops in mouse-proofed pens. There were three treatment pens and three control pens in which mice with and without clinical signs of streptobacillary arthritis were introduced, respectively. A constant mouse density (533 mice ha⁻¹) was introduced to the pens by releasing 12 mice in each pen. The sex ratio of introduced mice was also constant by releasing in each pen nine males and three females. Mean track index was lower in treatment pens than in control pens, indicating that streptobacillary arthritis reduced the activity of mice. However, this was not translated into a reduction in other population responses. Mean mouse density at harvest, percentage of female pregnant at harvest, yield loss caused by mice and a feeding index (oil card index) did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups. A plausible explanation for these findings was that mice with the clinical signs might be less active but were able to consume as much grains as mice without the clinical signs because food was in abundant supply.     

Influence of soil acidity on depth gradients of microbial biomass in beech forest soils

The objectives of the study were to investigate mineral soil profiles as a living space for microbial decomposers and the relation of microbial properties to soil acidity. We estimated microbial biomass C on concentration (g g^–1 DW) as well as on volume basis (g m^–2) and the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio along a vertical gradient from L horizon to 20 cm in the mineral soil and along a gradient of increasing acidity at five beech forest stands in Germany. Microbial biomass C concentration ranged from 17,000–34,000 g C_mic g^–1 DW in the litter layer and decreased dramatically down the profile to 29–264 g C_mic g^–1 DW at 15–20 cm depth in the mineral soil. This represents depth gradients of microbial biomass C concentrations ranging from a factor of 65 in slightly acidic and up to 875 in acidic soils. In contrast, microbial biomass C calculated on a volume basis (g C_mic m^–2) showed a different pattern since a considerable part of the microbial biomass C was located in the mineral soils. In the soil profile 22–34% of the microbial biomass C was found in the mineral soil at strictly acidic sites and as much as 64–88% in slightly acidic soils. The microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratios decreased in general down from the L horizon in the forest floor to 0–5 cm depth in the mineral soils. In strongly acidic mineral soils however, the C to soil organic carbon ratio increased with depth, suggesting a positive relation to increasing pH. We conclude from depth gradients of soil pH and microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratio that pH affects this ratio at acidic sites. The inter-site comparison indicates that acidity restricts microbial biomass C in the mineral soils.     

年轻群体在公共绿地中的活动参与度调查——以上海浦东新区部分公园为例

公共绿地作为开放空间,公众可以共享自然环境及社会资源。而当下公共绿地中不同群体的参与度存在较大差异,尤其是年轻群体参与度低。笔者以上海浦东新区部分公共绿地中年轻群体活动参与度为研究对象,从年轻群体的低参与度、活动意愿及管理者角度等方面,分析了年轻群体低参与度的原因,认为原因主要是年轻群体缺乏业余时间、绿地可达距离较远、活动内容缺乏等。在调查基础上,从活动载体、信息渠道、服务方式等方面提出建议,主张公共绿地管理者转变服务理念、开拓有益活动、建立信息平台、优化空间资源,以提高社会服务效能。     

Effect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils

Strongly acidic soil (e.g. pH < 5.0) is detrimental to tea productivity and quality. Wheat, rice and peanut biochar produced at low temperature (max 300 °C) and differing in alkalinity content were incorporated into Xuan‐cheng (Ultisol; initial pH_{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.12) and Ying‐tan soil (Ultisol; initial pH _{soil/water = 1/2.5} 4.75) at 10 and 20 g/kg (w/w) to quantify their liming effect and evaluate their effectiveness for acidity amelioration of tea garden soils. After a 65‐day incubation at 25 °C, biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH and exchangeable cations and reduced Al saturation of both tea soils. Association of H⁺ ions with biochar and decarboxylation processes was likely to be the main factor neutralizing soil acidity. Further, biochar application reduced acidity production from the N cycle. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in exchangeable cations and reductions in exchangeable acidity and Al saturation were observed as the rate of biochar increased, but there were no further effects on soil pH. The lack of change in soil pH at the higher biochar rate may be due to the displacement of exchangeable acidity and the high buffering capacity of biochar, thereby retarding a further liming effect. Hence, a significant linear correlation between reduced exchangeable acidity and alkalinity balance was found in biochar‐amended soils (P < 0.05). Low‐temperature biochar of crop residues is suggested as a potential amendment to ameliorate acidic tea garden soils.     

新型螺旋藻酸奶的研制

螺旋藻酸奶是以螺旋藻为原料,采用最佳配方将螺旋藻与酸奶有机结合起来,集营养、保健于一体的高生物活性新型营养保健酸奶。研究螺旋藻酸奶的生产工艺、配方以及产品感官性状、酸度等变化,通过正交试验,确定产品的最佳配方为：螺旋藻添加量4.0%、蔗糖添加量7.0%、发酵剂接种量3.0%、发酵时间4.0h,选用0.3%的黄原胶作为稳...     

Effects of liming on chemical properties of soil, needle nutrients and growth of Scots pine transplants

The effects of limestone (2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha⁻¹) on chemical properties of soil, nutrient concentrations of needles and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) transplants were investigated on three reforestation areas on infertile acidic sites in southern Finland. The limestone was applied either on the soil surface (unploughed plots) or was mixed into the topsoil (ploughed plots). All the treatments were replicated four times. Surface broadcast of lime elevated the pH in the organic layer and in the 0-10 cm layer of mineral soil. The increase in the pH of the organic layer after 21 years was, on average, 0.7 and 1.1 pH units, with a dose of lime 2 and 4 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. On the ploughed plots, the pH in the uppermost 0-10 cm soil layer was 0.4-0.5 units higher than on the corresponding unlimed plots. Both doses of lime significantly increased the amount of exchangeable Ca and the base saturation (BS) in the topsoil on the ploughed plots, and the amount of exchangeable Ca and Mg, as well as the base saturation (BS) in the organic layer + the 0-10 cm layer of mineral soil on the unploughed plots. Regardless of the techniques used for application of lime, after 21 growing seasons the Ca and Mg concentrations in needles were significantly higher on the limed plots than on the controls. In needles, the Ca/Mn ratio was the best indicator for measuring the response to liming. Only on the unploughed plots did liming increase stand volume and dominant diameter of pines. Intensive disc ploughing produced significantly more stems and increased both stand volume and the dominant height of pines compared to unploughed plots.